Biohacking, also known as human enhancement, is a fascinating world where people experiment with their own biology through dietary adjustments, lifestyle changes, and bodily modifications - essentially a "do-it-yourself" approach - to improve their health and well-being. This trend encompasses a wide spectrum of practices, ranging from home biological experiments and nutrigenomics to technological innovations.
Some of these methods can be safely tried at home, while others may pose significant health risks if not handled carefully. Although biohacking promises potential improvements in health and performance, it is crucial to realize that this world is filled with unverified advice and experimentation, often lacking adequate regulation. In the following lines, I will focus on one of the most interesting aspects of this topic: nootropics. These substances, also known as "smart drugs," are designed to improve cognitive functions and are becoming increasingly popular among biohackers. Let’s look at what we know about them and the challenges (and opportunities) they bring.
Biohacking as a Nootropic
Nootropics are substances intended to improve cognitive functions such as intelligence, concentration, and focus. The term "nootropics" was coined in 1972 and comes from the Greek words "Noos" (mind/thought) and "tropein" (to turn/guide). These substances became extremely popular with the rise of the internet, with annual sales reaching at least 8 billion.
Nootropics are divided into three categories:
Natural supplements
Synthetic compounds (many of which were developed in Russia)
Prescription drugs
In the 2011 film Limitless, Bradley Cooper plays the role of a guy some might call a "loser." He is the type of person drowning in procrastination who seems unable to jumpstart his life. His mind is so cluttered that he cannot focus on activities that would bring him success. But then comes a mysterious pill, an experimental drug called "AZT," which turns him into a human computer with the ability to learn and think at an incredible level.
In a similar 2014 film, Scarlett Johansson plays a woman who is accidentally implanted with a drug that allows her to utilize 100% of her brain capacity, with extraordinary consequences. Although both films are fiction, they are inspired by real substances - so-called nootropics - which promise to improve brain functions such as memory, intelligence, and concentration.
Just as anabolic steroids have specific effects on the body, particularly on muscle growth and muscle definition, nootropics have different effects on the brain. These substances are usually utilized with the goal of improving cognitive functions, and some are considered more effective than others. The strongest effects are achieved by drugs available only by prescription, such as Modafinil or Adderall.
Prescription Drugs
The biggest debate regarding nootropics concerns prescription drugs such as Adderall and Modafinil.
Ritalin (methylphenidate) is often confused with Adderall, but it does not contain amphetamines; instead, it increases the levels of dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain, which is why some consider it a nootropic. It enhances short-term memory and attention in healthy individuals, but its excessive use can cause confusion. Ritalin is often used by students to boost performance during exams, but it can cause side effects such as insomnia or hallucinations, especially in high doses.
Adderall provides a more pronounced mental effect than Ritalin because it contains two amphetamine compounds. It works by releasing dopamine and norepinephrine, which increases alertness and concentration. The effects can last up to 12 hours depending on the dosage and type of pill. Adderall is frequently abused on university campuses, with as many as 43% of students using these drugs without a prescription. Side effects include anxiety, low sex drive, and sweating. In cases of recreational abuse, more serious problems can occur, such as heart attacks, especially if combined with alcohol. For this reason, it is not recommended to use Ritalin or Adderall as nootropics, as there are safer natural alternatives with similar effects on the brain.
When comparing synthetic versions of nootropics or prescription drugs, it is certainly better to prefer natural versions, but never prescription drugs.
The idea that any nootropic or "smart drug" will make a person smarter or magically transform a fool into a genius is complete nonsense. What they actually do is optimize what already exists. In other words, if you are already intelligent, nootropics will enhance your attention, concentration, creativity, and memory.
Natural Nootropics: The Safest Form of Nootropics
Various dietary supplements and herbs are often promoted as brain power boosters, improving memory, concentration, and mental focus. Here is the top selection:
Caffeine: The most common natural nootropic is something millions of people consume every day. Caffeine occurs naturally in coffee, cocoa, tea, and the herb guarana. Recent studies show that consuming up to 4 cups of coffee a day is safe and provides many health benefits, such as the prevention of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. In recent years, caffeine has become popular as a pre-workout supplement for its well-known energizing effects. This has led to the sale of concentrated caffeine powder online. A teaspoon of caffeine powder contains 3,200 milligrams, which is a toxic dose. Some people are born with genetic mutations that cause their liver to metabolize caffeine slower than usual. When such individuals drink more coffee or take caffeine powder, they are much more likely to suffer serious health consequences. Caffeine starts working about an hour after ingestion. For those seeking the mental stimulation of caffeine without the "jitters," 200 mg of caffeine with 100 mg of L-theanine is a good combination.
Creatine: While most often considered an ergogenic aid, it also triggers effects in the brain that qualify it as a "smart nutrient." One interesting effect of creatine is that it alleviates brain fog or confused thinking caused by fatigue due to a lack of sufficient sleep. One study found that creatine can improve memory and intelligence in healthy people. You can read this study here: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6093191/. Another study found that creatine is beneficial for boosting brain function in vegans. This makes sense because creatine naturally occurs in animal protein foods like meat and fish. Creatine supplements are suitable for vegans because they are synthetic and contain no animal products. The current recommended dose of creatine is 5 grams (one teaspoon) daily. The timing of ingestion is controversial, but some studies suggest the best time is post-workout.
Bacopa Monnieri: Has a reputation as a memory enhancer and brain protector. Animal studies have shown clear improvement in memory functions after administering Bacopa. The active ingredients are bacozides, and Bacopa supplements should contain at least 50% bacozide content. It appears that bacozides protect neurons in the hippocampus, the primary site for learning, intelligence, and memory. It also reduces the accumulation of beta-amyloid and dampens the activity of microglia, which contributes to the prevention of Alzheimer's disease.
Rhodiola Rosea: Another smart herb that is particularly beneficial under high-stress conditions. Rhodiola effectively reduces feelings of burnout and increases productivity. It reduces mental fatigue; some prefer to drink it upon waking instead of coffee as a tonic. The usual recommended dose for Rhodiola is 360 to 600 milligrams. Rhodiola can alleviate many symptoms of menopause in older women by interacting with estrogen receptors, providing many of the benefits of estrogen without the adverse effects associated with the hormone, such as cancer. People with manic-depressive disorder should not use Rhodiola, as it will increase the manic effect.
Ginkgo Biloba: It takes time for Ginkgo to work, unlike other herbs. It supports increased focus and concentration by increasing blood flow in the brain. Also, much of the Ginkgo sold does not contain real Ginkgo but other herbs. One study of 48 adults aged 55 to 86 found a clear increase in brain function when Ginkgo was administered at a dose of 180 milligrams for six weeks.
Vinpocetine: Derived from a plant that exists in the Amazon rainforests. The compound made from this plant has proven to be a treatment for a previously incurable form of leukemia affecting children. It works by increasing brain circulation and delivering oxygen and nutrients to brain cells, which can increase memory and focus. The standard dose is 10 to 30 milligrams daily.
Gotu Kola (Centella Asiatica): Increases the endogenous antioxidant system in the brain, thereby helping to prevent degenerative brain diseases. It improves memory and cognitive functions, qualifying it as a "smart herb." It also protects the brain from toxins like lead, arsenic, aluminum, and glutamate. Much of the brain damage caused by stroke is due to excessive glutamate release, and this can be mitigated by Gotu Kola. The only downside is that long-term use can strain the liver. As such, it is best to cycle the herb and discontinue it after a few weeks of consistent use.
Omega-3 Fatty Acids: The brain is composed mainly of fat, and 40% of this fat is DHA, so the importance of Omega-3 for brain health is obvious. Omega-3 has a beneficial effect on the modulation of various brain neurotransmitters and can help in the prevention of depression. By increasing blood flow in the brain, Omega-3 can improve brain efficiency.
Lion's Mane Mushroom: Is likely the most potent mushroom for increasing brain functions. One of the great benefits of Lion's Mane is its ability to reduce brain fog or confused thinking. It dramatically increases mental clarity and focus. It can also reduce brain inflammation, which is known to lead to deficits in thinking and memory. A 2020 study of people with mild Alzheimer's found that supplementation with 1 gram of Lion's Mane daily for 49 weeks significantly improved cognitive test scores compared to a placebo. Some scientists recommend 3 to 5 grams daily to improve cognition.
Uridine: Supports the formation and regeneration of neurons and alleviates inflammation, thereby protecting the brain. As a supplement, uridine also supports the onset of sleep, which improves brain functions.
Choline: Naturally found in various foods, especially egg yolks, so when egg yolks are discarded to consume only whites, choline is thrown away too. It plays a key role in many processes in the brain, primarily related to learning, memory, and overall cognitive activity. Consequently, sufficient choline intake can support better memory and intellectual functions. Indeed, a deficiency of choline in the brain is responsible for typical memory problems associated with Alzheimer's disease. Although choline is not considered an essential nutrient, the recommended daily intake for men is 550 milligrams daily.
Huperzine-A: In the brain, it works by preventing the breakdown of a chemical called acetylcholine. This chemical is important for memory and concentration. When this substance is not broken down, it remains in the brain longer, which can lead to better memory and a greater ability to focus. Since Huperzine has an extended half-life of 10 to 14 hours, it does not need to be taken daily, but every 2 to 3 days. Typical doses are 100 to 200 micrograms, with higher doses if significant memory problems occur.
Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR): Is a form of carnitine that quickly enters the brain and supports its activity. It helps improve concentration, memory, and overall brain function. By stabilizing cells in the brain, it can also help maintain healthy nerve cells. It increases the amount of energy the brain utilizes and supports the production of important chemicals that influence mood and attention.
The recommended daily doses of ALCAR range between 1 and 3 grams. Some research suggests that higher doses (2 to 4 grams) may slow the progression of Alzheimer's disease. For comparison, there is a new drug that is very expensive and can have side effects, yet it only slows the disease slightly more than this.
Nootropic Compounds
According to most neuroscientists, so-called "smart drugs" or nootropics are often overrated. Although they are discussed as substances that improve cognitive abilities, the research supporting these claims is often insufficient.
A large part of the research originates from the 1970s in Russia, where studies often demonstrated low quality control. Athletes and cosmonauts - important representatives of the society of that time - were the primary target group for the development of these substances. Skeptical experts further note that nootropics are used to help people with dementia and Alzheimer's disease. While these nootropics do not cure the diseases themselves, they can improve thinking and memory skills.
Recently, they have also become popular among people who have no cognitive problems, as it is believed that they increase memory and concentration.
Just like muscles, intelligence does not improve just by taking a pill. One must work on improving their intellect, learn new things, and read. Synthetic nootropics can make learning easier because they improve memory and concentration, but progress itself depends on your own activity and effort.
Racetams
The most popular synthetic nootropics include various racetams, with Piracetam being the first and most researched among them. It was originally developed to help people with memory and concentration problems. Studies have shown that Piracetam was effective for those who had pre-existing cognitive issues, which is why it began to be considered a "smart drug."
However, when tested on healthy individuals, it was not shown to have a significant impact on improving cognitive functions. Interestingly, when Piracetam was administered to children with dyslexia, it appeared to improve their learning ability by 15%.
While we do not know exactly how Piracetam works, it appears to help activate certain receptors in the brain, which is linked to better brain function. It also influences important chemical substances in the brain that are vital for its operation. Piracetam increases the supply of oxygen to the brain, which helps in energy processing. When taking higher doses, side effects such as nervousness, weight gain, or depression may occur, but these problems usually do not appear at normal or lower doses. The usual dose of Piracetam for brain-boosting effects is about 4 grams daily, and doses as high as 24 grams have been ingested without side effects.
In the Czech Republic and Slovakia, Piracetam is regulated as a pharmaceutical and is available both by prescription and over-the-counter (OTC). In the Czech Republic, it is available over the counter; for example, tablets containing 1200 mg are available online and in pharmacies as an OTC medicine used to improve brain functions and treat cognitive impairment. In Slovakia, Piracetam is also available without a prescription and is sold in various pharmacies to improve cognitive functions and treat symptoms of impaired brain function.
Phenylpiracetam
Phenylpiracetam is considered a very powerful nootropic drug, which reportedly has a 30 to 60 times greater effect on the brain compared to regular Piracetam. It was developed in 1983 for Russian cosmonauts to help them manage psychological stress during long space flights. In Russia, it is used as a drug to improve performance.
Research suggests that Phenylpiracetam can help improve blood flow in areas of the brain that are oxygen-deprived, reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety, and increase the brain's resistance to oxygen deprivation and toxins. It may also improve concentration and mental activity, have an invigorating effect, increase pain sensitivity, improve sleep, and have anticonvulsant effects. However, with long-term use, a potential side effect is a reduction in appetite. This substance is included on the World Anti-Doping Agency's (WADA) list of prohibited substances for athletic competition.
Oxiracetam
Oxiracetam is a popular supplement often taken by students to help them with learning and test preparation. It has stimulating effects that increase energy and concentration. It was developed in the 1970s as an alternative to another more well-known drug, Piracetam, and some claim that it works better. Many students have noted that it helps them remember new information, which is important when writing and studying. When taking it, it is good to be careful not to take it close to bedtime, as it can disrupt sleep.
Oxiracetam is a substance that is water-soluble and is quickly absorbed by the body when taken orally. It is recommended to take it approximately one hour before planning to do something mentally demanding. After ingestion, it gradually enters the bloodstream, reaching its highest concentration in 1 to 3 hours. It also crosses into the brain quickly and acts for a relatively long time, about 8 to 10 hours. A dose between 1,200 and 2,400 milligrams is usually recommended.
Aniracetam
Aniracetam is a popular supplement that some people use to improve their thinking and creativity. Many consider it their primary "smart drug," which they rotate with other similar substances. Aniracetam affects certain receptors in the brain, which can lead to clearer thinking and a better understanding of complex situations.
Aniracetam is a supplement that is well-absorbed when taken with a meal containing fat. It also supports an increase in blood flow, which can lead to better perception and clearer thinking. In addition, Aniracetam helps increase motivation and reduces feelings of anxiety and tension, which is why many prefer it over other similar substances. It helps them think more clearly and concentrate without unnecessary obstacles. The typical dosage range for Aniracetam is 750 to 1,500 milligrams daily.
Noopept
Noopept is a "smart drug" developed in Russia that helps improve brain function. It starts working quickly, within 15 minutes of ingestion, and its effects last for several hours. The drug works by increasing certain substances in the brain that support the health and growth of nerve cells. It also protects the brain from harmful substances. It is known that only a very small amount is needed to achieve an effect, which makes Noopept very efficient. It is recommended to start with a low dose to determine how one reacts to the drug.
Noopept was created in 1996 and is much more potent than its predecessors, such as Piracetam. In Slovakia and the Czech Republic, Noopept is considered a pharmaceutical, and its availability is therefore limited to prescription only. In these countries, Noopept is usually prescribed to improve cognitive functions, especially in patients with mild cognitive impairment.
Conclusion
Nootropics, the "miracle pills" of today, offer an attractive vision: reaching the peak of our mental capabilities through a simple pill. As we have discovered, however, it is not that simple. Their effects are often individual, depending on many factors including genetic predispositions or existing health conditions. Research shows they can improve memory, concentration, or cognitive abilities. Yet, it is no secret that they are also associated with side effects that force us to carefully consider their use.
From a scientific point of view, enthusiasm for nootropics is mixed. Some, such as caffeine or other substances better supported by research, have shown promising results. Others are still in the study phase, which is why it is important to be critical of marketing claims and to have realistic expectations of what they can actually offer us.
Ultimately, nootropics encourage us to reflect on what we are actually looking for. Is it momentary performance? Long-term cognitive vitality? Or just curiosity? As humans, we naturally seek ways to be better, faster, and smarter. However, we often forget that amazing results also come from classic strategies - quality sleep, a healthy diet, and regular physical activity.
The world of nootropics, much like the entire biohacking trend, may offer revolutionary possibilities, but we should approach them with caution, an open mind, and always with regard for our health. Experimentation is a part of progress, but let it not lead us to neglect a holistic approach to our own lives. After all, biohacking is a journey toward a better self, where nootropics can be one of the tools, but certainly not the only answer.
